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By Janice Limon. By The Associated Press. By National Desk Staff. Maciej Piechotka Maciej Piechotka Zombie doesn't consume resource? Luc M: AFAIK no at least on Linux - with exception of the entry in process table i. PID along with such information as owner, exit status etc. It is just process which wait acknowledgement from partent that it terminated. xenoterracide: Eventually yes but if parent process still lives for example it is gnome-session or something which fullfill similar role you still may have zombies.

Technically it is parent job to clean up but if zombie is orphaned init cleans after it terminology is the reason why the unix classes are done with closed doors - anyone hearing about orphans, zombies and killing in one sentence may have got wrong impressions. only method is to reboot or wait. Five months have gone by and my zombies are still there. DarenW until the parent acknowledges the death of children. For details please ask the author of the program. Show 2 more comments. edited Sep 23, at Josh Josh 7, 9 9 gold badges 53 53 silver badges 73 73 bronze badges.

Umm, I always dislike this kind of "hard" field names with ps. Who can be sure that the required field will always be the 8th, with all implementations of ps in all Unices? POSIX does not define stat field for ps so there's no way to write a command that works with all Unices.

You can use lsof to see what device files the process has open. answered Jan 11, at LawrenceC LawrenceC A few years back this happened to me every couple of months-- if the NFS server crashed, NFS clients on all patched RHEL boxes would hang. kill -9 usually didn't work, even after waiting 60 minutes. The only solution was to reboot.

edited Apr 13, at Community Bot 1. xenoterracide xenoterracide I guess many rootkits inserts themselves into kernel to make things simpler no need guessing what user have and downloading MBs of patched programs.

First, check if its a Zombie process which is very possible : ps -Al You will see something like: 0 Z 1 0 80 0 - 0 exit? edited Dec 4, at answered Oct 8, at lepe lepe 4 4 silver badges 9 9 bronze badges. Sending SIGCHLD to the parent process may cause the parent to recognize the process has died. This usage of kill will not actually "kill" the parent, but rather re informs it that a child has died and needs to be cleaned up.

Note that sigchld has to be sent to the parent of the zombie, not the zombie itself. Even if PPID is not 1, it's still worth checking what the parent process is and what other processes it's ancestral to, with ps -ef grep N where N is the PPID in question. This is a good idea in general, more so since the introduction of subreapers back in , and most of all if you're using a distribution that uses systemd. in other words kills it dead kill sends the signal SIGTERM which stands for SIGNAL TERMINATE in other words tells the application to quit.

edited Feb 10, at DeveloperChris DeveloperChris 1 1 silver badge 9 9 bronze badges. SIGHUP is for the controlling terminal being closed or the communication channel being lost — JoelFan. edited Mar 28, at answered Mar 28, at user user I had problems killing an ls process accessing an sshfs mount, when the remote server has beome unreachable.

Is there a solution for FUSE or sshfs, which I could use in future to avoid such situations? imz An advice from Gilles to kill sshfs is there -- unix. The init process is immune to SIGKILL. This is also true also for kernel threads, i. edited Aug 28, at jlliagre jlliagre 59k 10 10 gold badges silver badges bronze badges. Kernel tasks can also be immune to SIGKILL. This happens often enough with Btrfs. Made a little script that helped me a lot take a look!

lepe 4 4 silver badges 9 9 bronze badges. answered Mar 27, at user user 61 1 1 silver badge 2 2 bronze badges. Instead of just linking to it, can you instead post the code here. Add a bit of description with or at least instead of the code Can be very useful whan you have these huge command lines and you don't know what the process name is. dag dag 2 2 silver badges 6 6 bronze badges.

When something like this happens, the PID actually changes. So I would have noticed. answered Mar 18, at nmz nmz 6 6 bronze badges. Worked for me! unplugging the USB device, which was hanging sublime-text — nmz answered May 29, at Christophe Drevet Christophe Drevet 3, 1 1 gold badge 15 15 silver badges 16 16 bronze badges. Sometimes the process hangs because of a faulty file system.

Quote from the link: waiting The number of requests which are waiting to be transferred to userspace or being processed by the filesystem daemon. answered Aug 14 at mxmlnkn mxmlnkn 4 4 silver badges 11 11 bronze badges. But it wasn't, it was sticking around, though not running, and "not dying" So in my case it was zombie but still consuming resources And it was not killable by any number of kill -9 's And its parent was init but it wasn't being reaped cleaned up.

Many of the above are stated as "impossible" on various places in the interwebs. So to answer the OP, sometimes you have to wait. A long time. Then the kill will finally take. Also check dmesg to see if there was a kernel panic i. kernel bug. edited Jul 8, at answered Apr 30, at yml for backward compatibility. If both files exist, Compose implementations MUST prefer canonical compose.

yaml one. Multiple Compose files can be combined together to define the application model. Simple attributes and maps get overridden by the highest order Compose file, lists get merged by appending. As some Compose file elements can both be expressed as single strings or complex objects, merges MUST apply to the expanded form. Profiles allow to adjust the Compose application model for various usages and environments.

A Compose implementation SHOULD allow the user to define a set of active profiles. The exact mechanism is implementation specific and MAY include command line flags, environment variables, etc. The Services top-level element supports a profiles attribute to define a list of named profiles.

Services without a profiles attribute set MUST always be enabled. A service MUST be ignored by the Compose implementation when none of the listed profiles match the active ones, unless the service is explicitly targeted by a command. In that case its profiles MUST be added to the set of active profiles.

All other top-level elements are not affected by profiles and are always active. References to other services by links , extends or shared resource syntax service:xxx MUST not automatically enable a component that would otherwise have been ignored by active profiles.

Instead the Compose implementation MUST return an error. Top-level version property is defined by the specification for backward compatibility but is only informative.

A Compose implementation SHOULD NOT use this version to select an exact schema to validate the Compose file, but prefer the most recent schema at the time it has been designed. Compose implementations SHOULD validate whether they can fully parse the Compose file. If some fields are unknown, typically because the Compose file was written with fields defined by a newer version of the specification, Compose implementations SHOULD warn the user. Compose implementations MUST offer a way for user to override this name, and SHOULD define a mechanism to compute a default project name, to be used if the top-level name element is not set.

Services are backed by a set of containers, run by the platform according to replication requirements and placement constraints. Being backed by containers, Services are defined by a Docker image and set of runtime arguments. All containers within a service are identically created with these arguments.

A Compose file MUST declare a services root element as a map whose keys are string representations of service names, and whose values are service definitions. A service definition contains the configuration that is applied to each container started for that service.

Each service MAY also include a Build section, which defines how to create the Docker image for the service. Compose implementations MAY support building docker images using this service definition. If not implemented the Build section SHOULD be ignored and the Compose file MUST still be considered valid.

Build support is an OPTIONAL aspect of the Compose specification, and is described in detail in the Build support documentation. Each Service defines runtime constraints and requirements to run its containers. Deploy support is an OPTIONAL aspect of the Compose specification, and is described in detail in the Deployment support documentation.

If not implemented the Deploy section SHOULD be ignored and the Compose file MUST still be considered valid. build specifies the build configuration for creating container image from source, as defined in the Build support documentation.

Each item in the list MUST have two keys:. Modify the proportion of bandwidth allocated to this service relative to other services. Takes an integer value between 10 and , with being the default. Can be either an integer value using microseconds as unit or a duration. cpus define the number of potentially virtual CPUs to allocate to service containers.

This is a fractional number. cpuset defines the explicit CPUs in which to allow execution. Can be a range or a list 0,1. command overrides the default command declared by the container image i. The command can also be a list, in a manner similar to Dockerfile :. configs grant access to configs on a per-service basis using the per-service configs configuration. Two different syntax variants are supported. There are two syntaxes defined for configs.

To remain compliant to this specification, an implementation MUST support both syntaxes. Implementations MUST allow use of both short and long syntaxes within the same document. The short syntax variant only specifies the config name.

The source name and destination mount point are both set to the config name. If the external config does not exist, the deployment MUST fail. Attempting to do so MUST result in an error. Compose implementations MAY also support additional protocols for custom use-cases. A registry value with the given name must be located in:. The following example loads the credential spec from a value named my-credential-spec in the registry:.

When configuring a gMSA credential spec for a service, you only need to specify a credential spec with config , as shown in the following example:. The short syntax variant only specifies service names of the dependencies. Service dependencies cause the following behaviors:.

Compose implementations MUST create services in dependency order. In the following example, db and redis are created before web. Compose implementations MUST remove services in dependency order.

In the following example, web is removed before db and redis. Compose implementations MUST guarantee dependency services have been started before starting a dependent service.

deploy specifies the configuration for the deployment and lifecycle of services, as defined here. The format is the same format the Linux kernel specifies in the Control Groups Device Whitelist Controller. dns defines custom DNS servers to set on the container network interface configuration.

Can be a single value or a list. conf file on Linux. dns defines custom DNS search domains to set on container network interface configuration. domainname declares a custom domain name to use for the service container. MUST be a valid RFC hostname. entrypoint overrides the default entrypoint for the Docker image i.

The entrypoint can also be a list, in a manner similar to Dockerfile :. The files in the list MUST be processed from the top down. For the same variable specified in two env files, the value from the last file in the list MUST stand. Environment variables declared in the environment section MUST override these values — this holds true even if those values are empty or undefined.

Lines beginning with MUST be ignored. Blank lines MUST also be ignored. The value of VAL is used as a raw string and not modified at all. If the value is surrounded by quotes as is often the case for shell variables , the quotes MUST be included in the value passed to containers created by the Compose implementation.

VAL MAY be omitted, in such cases the variable value is empty string. environment defines environment variables set in the container. environment can use either an array or a map. Any boolean values; true, false, yes, no, SHOULD be enclosed in quotes to ensure they are not converted to True or False by the YAML parser.

Environment variables MAY be declared by a single key no value to equals sign. In such a case Compose implementations SHOULD rely on some user interaction to resolve the value. If they do not, the variable is unset and will be removed from the service container environment. expose defines the ports that Compose implementations MUST expose from container.

These ports MUST be accessible to linked services and SHOULD NOT be published to the host machine. Only the internal container ports can be specified. Extend another service, in the current file or another, optionally overriding configuration. You can use extends on any service together with other configuration keys. The extends value MUST be a mapping defined with a required service and an optional file key.

If supported Compose implementations MUST process extends in the following way:. Service denoted by service MUST be present in the identified referenced Compose file.

Compose implementations MUST return an error if:. Two service definitions main one in the current Compose file and referenced one specified by extends MUST be merged in the following way:. The following keys should be treated as mappings: build. args , build. labels , build. labels , deploy. limits , environment , healthcheck , labels , logging.

One exception that applies to healthcheck is that main mapping cannot specify disable: true unless referenced mapping also specifies disable: true. Compose implementations MUST return an error in this case.

Produces the following configuration for the cli service. The same output is produced if array syntax is used. Note that mounted path now points to the new volume name and ro flag was applied. If referenced service definition contains extends mapping, the items under it are simply copied into the new merged definition.

Merging process is then kicked off again until no extends keys are remaining. Here, cli services gets user key from common service, which in turn gets this key from base service. constraints , deploy. preferences , deploy. Any duplicates resulting from the merge are removed so that the sequence only contains unique elements. Unlike sequence fields mentioned above, duplicates resulting from the merge are not removed. An alias of the form SERVICE:ALIAS can be specified.

Values MUST set hostname and IP address for additional hosts in the form of HOSTNAME:IP. An example of where this is useful is when multiple containers running as different users need to all read or write the same file on a shared volume. test defines the command the Compose implementation will run to check container health. It can be either a string or a list. Both forms below are equivalent:.

NONE disable the healthcheck, and is mostly useful to disable Healthcheck set by image. Alternatively the healthcheck set by the image can be disabled by setting disable: true :.

hostname declares a custom host name to use for the service container. image specifies the image to start the container from.

Compose implementations with build support MAY offer alternative options for the end user to control precedence of pull over building the image from source, however pulling the image MUST be the default behavior. image MAY be omitted from a Compose file as long as a build section is declared. Compose implementations without build support MUST fail when image is missing from the Compose file. init run an init process PID 1 inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes.

Set this option to true to enable this feature for the service. ipc configures the IPC isolation mode set by service container. Available values are platform specific, but Compose specification defines specific values which MUST be implemented as described if supported:. Supported values are platform-specific. labels add metadata to containers.

You can use either an array or a map. The com.

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There was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. dumb-init is a simple process supervisor and init system designed to run as PID 1 inside minimal container environments such as Docker. It is deployed as a small, statically-linked binary written in C. Lightweight containers have popularized the idea of running a single process or service without normal init systems like systemd or sysvinit. However, omitting an init system often leads to incorrect handling of processes and signals, and can result in problems such as containers which can't be gracefully stopped, or leaking containers which should have been destroyed.

dumb-init enables you to simply prefix your command with dumb-init. It acts as PID 1 and immediately spawns your command as a child process, taking care to properly handle and forward signals as they are received. Normally, when you launch a Docker container, the process you're executing becomes PID 1, giving it the quirks and responsibilities that come with being the init system for the container.

When processes are sent a signal on a normal Linux system, the kernel will first check for any custom handlers the process has registered for that signal, and otherwise fall back to default behavior for example, killing the process on SIGTERM. However, if the process receiving the signal is PID 1, it gets special treatment by the kernel; if it hasn't registered a handler for the signal, the kernel won't fall back to default behavior, and nothing happens.

In other words, if your process doesn't explicitly handle these signals, sending it SIGTERM will have no effect at all. A common example is CI jobs that do docker run my-container script : sending SIGTERM to the docker run process will typically kill the docker run command, but leave the container running in the background. A process becomes a zombie when it exits, and remains a zombie until its parent calls some variation of the wait system call on it.

It remains in the process table as a "defunct" process. Typically, a parent process will call wait immediately and avoid long-living zombies.

If a parent exits before its child, the child is "orphaned", and is re-parented under PID 1. The init system is thus responsible for wait -ing on orphaned zombie processes. Of course, most processes won't wait on random processes that happen to become attached to them, so containers often end with dozens of zombies rooted at PID 1.

dumb-init runs as PID 1, acting like a simple init system. It launches a single process and then proxies all received signals to a session rooted at that child process. Since your actual process is no longer PID 1, when it receives signals from dumb-init , the default signal handlers will be applied, and your process will behave as you would expect.

If your process dies, dumb-init will also die, taking care to clean up any other processes that might still remain. In its default mode, dumb-init establishes a session rooted at the child, and sends signals to the entire process group. This is useful if you have a poorly-behaving child such as a shell script which won't normally signal its children before dying. This can actually be useful outside of Docker containers in regular process supervisors like daemontools or supervisord for supervising shell scripts.

Normally, a signal like SIGTERM received by a shell isn't forwarded to subprocesses; instead, only the shell process dies. With dumb-init, you can just write shell scripts with dumb-init in the shebang:. Ordinarily, a SIGTERM sent to the shell would kill the shell but leave those processes running both the background and foreground! With dumb-init, your subprocesses will receive the same signals your shell does. In this mode, dumb-init is completely transparent; you can even string multiple together like dumb-init dumb-init echo 'oh, hi'.

dumb-init allows rewriting incoming signals before proxying them. This is useful in cases where you have a Docker supervisor like Mesos or Kubernetes which always sends a standard signal e. Some apps require a different stop signal in order to do graceful cleanup.

For example, to rewrite the signal SIGTERM number 15 to SIGQUIT number 3 , just add --rewrite on the command line. For this reason, we set default rewrites to SIGSTOP from those three signals. You can opt out of this behavior by rewriting the signals back to their original values, if desired. One caveat with this feature: for job control signals SIGTSTP , SIGTTIN , SIGTTOU , dumb-init will always suspend itself after receiving the signal, even if you rewrite it to something else.

Many popular Linux distributions including Debian since stretch and Debian derivatives such as Ubuntu since bionic now contain dumb-init packages in their official repositories. On Debian-based distributions, you can run apt install dumb-init to install dumb-init, just like you'd install any other package.

Note: Most distro-provided versions of dumb-init are not statically-linked, unlike the versions we provide see the other options below. This is normally perfectly fine, but means that these versions of dumb-init generally won't work when copied to other Linux distros, unlike the statically-linked versions we provide. If you have an internal apt server, uploading the. deb to your server is the recommended way to use dumb-init. In your Dockerfiles, you can simply apt install dumb-init and it will be available.

Debian packages are available from the GitHub Releases tab , or you can run make builddeb yourself. If you don't have an internal apt server, you can use dpkg -i to install the. deb package. You can choose how you get the. deb onto your container mounting a directory or wget -ing it are some options. Since dumb-init is released as a statically-linked binary, you can usually just plop it into your images.

Here's an example of doing that in a Dockerfile:. Though dumb-init is written entirely in C, we also provide a Python package which compiles and installs the binary. It can be installed from PyPI using pip. As of 1. Once installed inside your Docker container, simply prefix your commands with dumb-init and make sure that you're using the recommended JSON syntax.

Within a Dockerfile, it's a good practice to use dumb-init as your container's entrypoint. An "entrypoint" is a partial command that gets prepended to your CMD instruction, making it a great fit for dumb-init:.

If you declare an entrypoint in a base image, any images that descend from it don't need to also declare dumb-init. They can just set a CMD as usual.

Running this same command without dumb-init would result in being unable to stop the container without SIGKILL , but with dumb-init , you can send it more humane signals like SIGTERM.

Otherwise, Docker invokes a shell to run your command, resulting in the shell as PID 1 instead of dumb-init. Often containers want to do some pre-start work which can't be done during build time. For example, you might want to template out some config files based on environment variables.

By still using dumb-init as the entrypoint, you always have a proper init system in place. The exec portion of the bash command is important because it replaces the bash process with your server, so that the shell only exists momentarily at start.

Building the dumb-init binary requires a working compiler and libc headers and defaults to glibc. Statically compiled dumb-init is over KB due to glibc, but musl is now an option. An easy way to get started is to apt-get install build-essential devscripts equivs , and then sudo mk-build-deps -i --remove to install all of the missing build dependencies automatically. You can then use make builddeb to build dumb-init Debian packages. If you prefer an automated Debian package build using Docker, just run make builddeb-docker.

This is easier, but requires you to have Docker running on your machine. Skip to content. Star 6k. A minimal init system for Linux containers engineeringblog. MIT license. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Branches Tags. Could not load branches.

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Launching Visual Studio Code Your codespace will open once ready. Latest commit. Git stats commits. Failed to load latest commit information. View code. dumb-init Why you need an init system What dumb-init does Session behavior Signal rewriting Signal rewriting special case Installing inside Docker containers Option 1: Installing from your distro's package repositories Debian, Ubuntu, etc.

dumb-init dumb-init is a simple process supervisor and init system designed to run as PID 1 inside minimal container environments such as Docker.

But kernel code can, and processes execute kernel code when they call system calls. Such process does not consume any resources except PID entry. Job insights from the tech community: The latest survey results from Stack By Janice Limon. The volumes section allows the configuration of named volumes that can be reused across multiple services. Same logic can apply to any element in a Compose file. user overrides the user used to run the container process.

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